(3) Transplantation has obviously raised important ethical considerations concerning the diagnosis of death, and, particularly, how far resuscitation should be continued. Every effort must be made to restore the heartbeat to someone who has had a sudden cardiac arrest or breathing to someone who cannot breathe. Artificial respiration and massage of the heart, the standard methods of resuscitation, are continued until it is clear that the brain is dead. Most physicians consider that beyond this point efforts at resuscitation are useless.

 
    36. According to the author, which of the following is NOT TRUE?

    A. Most countries do not have an effective law on organ transplantation.

    B. The traditional way of asking for permission of relatives for organ removal does not prove to be always feasible.

    C. It is hard to understand why people should remain silent on compulsory postmortem exam after unexpected death.

    D. In some countries there are laws providing that the permission of organ removal is taken for granted unless it has been refused by the person in his lifetime.

 
    37. Which of the following is NOT a suggestion made in the passage?

    A. People should be encouraged to donate their organs after death.

    B. Organ removal should be permitted in the course of compulsory postmortem exam.

    C. Organ removal for transplantation should be advocated because it benefits the human society.

    D. Organ removal for transplantation could be considered legal unless the dead person stated otherwise in his life-time.
 

    38. The word “impair” at the end of the second paragraph can best be replaced by        .

    A. neglect      B. weaken      C. come together with     D. be superior to

 
    39. It is believed that efforts at resuscitation are useless when       .

    A. artificial respiration and massage of the heart have yielded no obvious result

    B. a person’s heartbeat and breath has totally stopped

    C. standard methods of resuscitation have failed

    D. the brain is certainly dead

 
    40. Which of the following can best sum up the passage?

    A. Legal and ethical problems of organ transplantation.

    B. Some underlying principles on organ transplantation.

    C. The diagnosis of death before organ transplantation.

    D. The difference between compulsory postmortem exam and organ transplantation.
 
    Ⅱ. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (15%)

    (41) By definition, heroes and heroines are men and women distinguished by uncommon courage, achievements, and self-sacrifice made most often for the benefit of others- they are people against whom we measure others. They are men and women recognized for shaping our nation’s consciousness and development as well as the lives of those who admire them. (42) Yet some people say that ours is an age where true heroes and heroines are hard to come by, where the very ideal of heroism is something beyond us-- an artifact of the past. Some maintain that because the Cold War is over and because America is at peace our age is essentially an unheroic one. Furthermore, the overall crime rate is down, poverty has been eased by a strong and growing economy, and advances continue to be made in medical science. (43) Consequently, bereft of cultural heroes, we have latched onto cultural icons – media superstars such as actors, actresses, sports celebrities, television personalities, and people who are simply famous for being famous.