Problems of this kind change the argument, supporting the case for asking authors to define their own roles. After all, if quality judgments about individuals are to be made on the basis of their personal contributions, then the judges better know what they did. But if questions arise about the validity of the work as a whole, whether as challenges to its conduct or as evaluations of its influence in the field, a team is a team, and the members should share the credit or the blame. (367 words)

　　51. According to the passage, there is a tendency that scientific papers__.

　　A. are getting more complicated

　　B. are dealing with bigger problems

　　C. are more of a product of team work

　　D. are focusing more on natural than on social sciences

　　52. One of the problems with multiple authorship is that it is hard____.

　　A. to allocate the responsibility if the paper goes wrong

　　B. to decide on how much contribution each reviewer has made

　　C. to assign the roles that the different authors are to play

　　D. to correspond with the authors when the readers feel the need to

　　53. According to the passage, authorship is important when ______.

　　A. practical or impractical suggestions of the authors are considered

　　B. appointments and promotions of the authors are involved

　　C. evaluators need to review the publication of the authors

　　D. the publication of the authors has become much-cited

　　54. According to the passage, whether multiple authors of a paper should be taken collectively or individually depends on ______.

　　A. whether judgments are made about the paper or its authors

　　B. whether it is the credit or the blame that the authors need to share

　　C. how many authors are involved in the paper

　　D. where the paper has been published

　　55. The best title for the passage can be _____.

　　A. Writing Scientific Papers: Publish or Perish

　　B. Collaboration and Responsibility in Writing Scientific Papers

　　C. Advantages and Disadvantages of Team Science

　　D. Multiple Authors, Multiple Problems

　　Passage Five

　　What produces a waterproof super glue, acts like a vacuum cleaner, and even teaches scientists about gene repair? The humble little shellfish known as the mussel ( 贻贝)

　　Mussels are found worldwide. Some live in the sea. Others inhabit freshwater streams and lakes. When you try to move a mussel from a rock, you will discover what an incredibly firm grip it has --- a necessity if the mussel is to resist the sharp grab of a hungry seabird or the pounding waves of the sea. How does it manage to cling so tight? When it choose a place to set up home, it pokes its tongue-shaped foot out of its shell and presses it against a solid surface. Special glands give off a fluid mixture of proteins into a channel that runs the length of the foot. The liquid quickly hardens into a fine, elastic thread about an inch long. Then a tiny pad-like structure at the end of this thread gives off some natural glue-like substance, the mussel lifts its foot, and anchor line number one is complete. These strategically placed threads form a bundle, which ties the mussel to its new home in much the same way that ropes hold down a tent. The whole procedure takes only three or four minutes.