7.In paragraph 3 the authormentions William Murdoch’s invention of a new form of nighttime illumination in order to

　　○indicate one of the importantdevelopments made possible by the introduction of Watt's steam engine

　　○make the point that Watt's steamengine was not the only invention of importance to the Industrial Revolution

　　○illustrate how important coal wasas a raw material for the Industrial Revolution

　　○provide an example of anothereighteenth-century invention that used steam as a power source

　　8.The phrase grewaccustomed to in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○began to prefer

　　○ wanted to have

　　○ became used to

　　○ insisted on

　　Paragraph 4: By 1800 more than athousand steam engines were in use in the British Isles, and Britain retaineda virtual monopoly on steam engine production until the 1830s.Steam power did not merely spin cotton and roll iron;early in the new century it also multiplied ten times over the amount of paperthat a single worker could produce in a day.At the same time, operators of thefirst printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible toproduce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty.Steam alsopromised to eliminate a transportation problem not fully solved by either canalboats of turnpikes.Boats could carry heavyweights, but canals could not cross hillyterrain; turnpikes could cross the hills, but the roadbeds could not stand upunder great weights.These problems needed still another solution, and theingredients for it lay close at hand.In some industrial regions, heavily ladenwagons, with flanged wheels, were being hauled by horses along metal rails; and the stationarysteam engine was puffing in the factory and mine.Another generationpassed; before Inventors succeeded in combining these ingredients by puttingthe engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide a machine totake the place of the horse.Thus the railroad age sprang from what had alreadyhappened in the eighteenth century.

　　9.The word retainedin the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○gained

　　○established

　　○profited from

　　○maintained

　　10.According to paragraph 4, which of the following statements about steam engines istrue?

　　○They were used for the productionof paper but not for printing

　　○By 1800,significantnumbers of them were produced outside of Britain

　　○They were used in factories beforethey were used to power trains

　　○They were used in the constructionof canals and turnpikes

　　11.According to paragraph 4, providing a machine to take the place of the horse involved combining which two previouslyseparate ingredients?

　　○Turnpikes and canals

　　○Stationary steam engines andwagons with flanged wheels

　　○Metal rails in roadbeds and wagonscapable of carrying heavy loads

　　○Canal boats and heavily ladenwagons

　　Paragraph 3: █Watt'ssteam engine soon showed what it could do.█It liberated industryfrom dependence on running water.█Theengine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possibledeeper and deeper mining.█Theready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to developthe first new form of nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millenniumand a half.