¡¡¡¡Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.

¡¡¡¡51.The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as _________.

¡¡¡¡[A]sociology and chemistry

¡¡¡¡[B]physics and psychology

¡¡¡¡[C]sociology and psychology

¡¡¡¡[D]physics and chemistry

¡¡¡¡52.We can infer from the passage that _________.

¡¡¡¡[A] there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation

¡¡¡¡[B]amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science

¡¡¡¡[C]professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community

¡¡¡¡[D]amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones

¡¡¡¡53.The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate _________.

¡¡¡¡[A]the process of specialization and professionalisation

¡¡¡¡[B]the hardship of amateurs in scientific study

¡¡¡¡[C]the change of policies in scientific publications

¡¡¡¡[D]the discrimination of professionals against amateurs

¡¡¡¡54.The direct reason for specialization is _________.

¡¡¡¡[A]the development in communication

¡¡¡¡[B]the growth of professionalisation

¡¡¡¡[C]the expansion of scientific knowledge

¡¡¡¡[D]the splitting up of academic societies

¡¡¡¡Passage 2ª¥

¡¡¡¡A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so called digital divide-the division of the world into the info(information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.ª¥

¡¡¡¡There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access-after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for coMBAting world poverty that we've ever had.

¡¡¡¡Of course, the use of the Internet isn't the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.

¡¡¡¡To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn't have the capital to do so. And that is why America's Second Wave infrastructure-including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you're going to be. That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.ª¤