36 . Consuming friendship ,Americans__________
A. look for a deeper relationship in a close circle
B. avoid deep relationship with other people
C. are friendly at first but do not remain so later on
D. do not make good friends
37. The word “compartmentalize” in the first paragraph means “_______________”
A separate in categories B treat differently
C evaluate accordingly D judge fairly
38. The author’s attitude toward the American type of friendship seems to be ______
A approving B critical
C biased D objective
39. According to the author, stereotypes concerning male-female relationships involving U.S. And foreign students are ________
A helpful B meaningless
C harmful D useless
40 According to the author, stereotypes seem unavoidable because ______________
A it is natural to have them
B it is not easy to find exceptions
C they provide better understanding
D they contribute to friendship
Passage Three
In The Birth Order Book : Why You Are the Way You (2004) , Dr,Kevin Leman Notes that 21 of the first 23 Americans in space were first-born males or only children . More than half of United States presidents have been first-borns or first –born boys. It’s a pretty significant finding historically, because families used to be bigger than they are today . In addition to being high achievers, older children also generally have higher IQs (智商) Than younger ones. Researchers have noted that the more kids a family has , the lower each child’s Individual IQ tends to be ,They give a few reasons for this : Parents only have so much time ,attention, and money . The more kids they have, The more these things are divided . First-borns initially get the entire parental-time pic. What’s more. The ratio of Grown-ups to kids decreases with each new baby . So the younger ones are surrounded by more children’s language on average than the older kids.
Some researchers think parental attention is the key to personality/birth-order differences. In his book born to Rebel ,psychologist Frank sallow ways competition for Mom and Dad’s attention is the thing that really shapes our personalities and ,in fact , has shaped history . He argues that we adapt our Personalities as part of our strategy to seek favor from Mom and Dad. Younger siblings(兄弟姐妹) tend to become rebels . Sulloway studied political activists and found that later-born activists were more radical than their first –born peers.
The conclusion of his book is that sibling competition for parental attention can affect society as a whole in times of revolution Thomas Jefferson , Karl Marx and Fidel Castro were all younger siblings , for example. As compelling as this all is , it’s also something we should probably take with caution, there are other things that happen to us in life besides the addition of siblings to our families .A parent can die ; a hurricane can leave us homeless ; we can catch a life-threatening disease. Any one of these things will probably have more of an effect on our personalities than the presence of siblings .
A 2002 study bore this out . After interviewing 535 undergraduates researchers concluded that personality differences related to birth order were “ folklore” , although IQ and achievement differences were widely supported by research .
41. What is implied by “they younger ones are surrounded by more
children’s language on average than the older kids” (para.3)?
A Younger children need parental rather than siblings’ attention
B Younger children need siblings’ rather than parental attention
C Younger children feel uncomfortable with more siblings
D Younger children have less chance to talk with their parents
42 Sulloway, author Born to Rebel, suggests that younger siblings_______
A try hard to get attention from their parents
B are less likely to shape history
C are winners in getting parental attention
D seldom adopt their personalities
43 .Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor shaping personality?
A Death of a parent
B Children’s language
C A natural disaster
D A fatal disease
44. What is the meaning of “folklore” in the last paragraph?
A Traditional customs and beliefs
B Verified hypotheses
C Widely held unsupported notions
D Tales or saying preserved orally
45. Which of the following statements is proposed by researchers?
A Later—borns do not compete for attention
B First—borns tend to become rebels
C Later—borns are prone to diseases
D First—borns achieve more than younger ones.
Passage Four
Does money buy happiness? It’s sometimes said that scientists have found no relationship between money and happiness, but that’s a myth, says University of Illinois psychologist Ed Denier. The connection is complex. in fact, very rich people rate substantially higher in satisfaction with life than very poor people do, even within wealthy nations .he says “There is overwhelming evidence that money buys happiness.” said economist Andrew Oswald of the University of Warwick in England. The main debate, he said, is how strong the effect is. Oswald recently reported a study of Btitons who won between $2,000 and $250,000 in a lottery(彩票拍奖).As a group, they showed a boost in happiness averaging a bit more than one point on a 36-point scale when surveyed two year after their win, compared to their levels two years before they won.
Daniel Kahneman, a Nobel-Prize winner and Princeton economist, and colleagues, recently declared that the notion that making a lot of money will produce good overall mood is “mostly illusory”. They noted that in one study, members of the high-income group were almost twice as likely to call themselves “very happy” as people from households with incomes below $2,000.But other studies, rather than asking for a summary estimate of happiness, follow people through the day and repeatedly record their feelings. These studies show less effect of income on happiness, Kahneman and colleagues said.
There is still another twist to the money-happiness story. Even though people who make $150,000 are considerably happier than those who make $40,000,it’s not clear why, says psychologist Richard E.Lucas of Michigau Sate University. Researchers conclude that any effect of money on happiness is smaller than most daydreamer assume. “People exaggerate how much happiness is bought by an extra few thousand,” Oswald said. “The quality of relationships has a far bigger effect than quite large rise in salary….It’s much better advice, if you’re looking for happiness in life, to try to find the right husband or wife than to try to double your salary.”
46.The main purpose of this passage is to discuss____
A. The contributions of household incomes to happiness
B. The complex relationship between money and happiness
C. The positive relations of money to happiness
D. The negative relations of money to happiness
47.Andrew Oswald’s study____
A. Proves money has little effect on happiness
B. Gives evidence that money buys happiness
C. Rejects the relation between money and happiness
D. Shows that lottery brings people happiness
48.The word “illusory”(para.4)is closest in meaning to“___”.
A. Dramatic B. Ordinary
C. Drastic D. Imaginary
49.According to Lucas, richer people’s happiness____
A. Comes from their high income
B. May not be directly related to their high income
C. Is boosted by their high income
D. Is not derived from their high income
50.According to Oswald,a more important factor in bringing about happiness may be good____.
A Health B. Feelings C. Marriage D.Salaries
Passage Five
When Frand Dale look over as publisher of Los Angeles Herrald-Examiner, the organization had just ended a ten-year strike. There was much bitterness and as he told us. “Everybody that I found there had lost their curiosity, they’d lost their cutting edge, there was no interest, they just hung on….I had a real problem.” His very first task was to introduce himself to everybody, to thank them for their loyalty to that point, and to allow them to express their concerns and frustrations. To questions like “What makes you think you can make this thing go?” he responded, “I don’t know yet, but in thirty days I’ll come back to you and let you know what I’ve found.” He recruited a task force Of the best people from throughout the Hearst Corporation to do a crash study, and in thirty days he had a written report on what needed to be done, which he shared with the staff. He had taken the all-important first steps to establish mutual trust, without which leadership would not have been possible.
Trust is the emotional glue that binds followers and leaders together. The accumulation of trust is a measure of the legitimacy of leadership of leadership. It cannot be demanded or purchased; it must be earned. Trust is the basic ingredient of all organizations, the lubrication that maintains the organization and it is as mysterious and difficult a concept as leadership-and as important.
One thing we can say for sure about trust is that if trust is to be generated, there must be predictability, the capacity to predict another’s behavior, another way of putting it is to say that organizations without trust would resemble the ambiguous nightmare of Kafka’s The Castle, where nothing can be certain and nobody can be relied on or he held responsible. The ability to predict outcomes with a high probability of success generates and maintains trust.
51. What was Frand Dale’s problem when he became the publisher of Las Angles Herald-Examiner?
A. He had lost interest in his publishing career.
B. he found it hard to introduce himself to everyone.
C. Los Angeles herald- examiner was in extreme difficulty.
D. Los Angeles herald –examiner was on a ten-year strike.
52.What was the result of frank dale’s first steps?
A .Mutual trust was established.
B. Efficiency was improved.
C.A task force was recruited.
D. His promises were fulfilled.
53.According to the author, how could trust be established?
A By economic means..
B. By legitimate measure.
C. By authoritative command.
D. By effort or action.
54.What does the author think about trust?
A It is hard to accumulate..
B. It can make organization go.
C. It can help establish authority.
D. It is relatively easy to acquire.
55. For what propose is kafka’s The Castle mentioned?
A. To show people’s behaviors are
B. To describe the nightmare of the story.
C. To demonstrate the importance of trust.
D .To prove no one can be relied on.
