Passage One

　　In phone booths in the U. S., there are usually directions for using the telephone. All phone numbers have seven digits, though letters and numbers are sometimes used in combination. There may be phonebooks or directories under the telephone.

　　There are two main kinds of long distance calls: dial-direct and operator-assisted. You can make dial direct calls in most parts of the U.S. Look in the white page directory for long distance rates or more information on making long distance calls. Or you can call the operator for help. If you need a phone number that is not in your phone book, call Directory Assistance.

　　To make a long distance call, you’ll need to know the three-digit area code. Dial 1 plus the area code plus the number, and an operator or a computer voice will tell you how much money to deposit. On operator assisted calls, the operator will ask you to deposit more money before your time is up. On dial-direct calls you’ll be cut off at the end of the time you paid for unless you put more money in the slot.

　　Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.

　　26. What do all telephone numbers have?

　　27. What should you do to make a long distance call?

　　28. What can you find in the white pages of a telephone book?

　　Passage Two

　　Most people think that the older you get, the harder it is to learn a new language. That is why they believe that children learn more easily than adults. Thus, at some point in our lives, maybe around age twelve or thirteen we lose the ability to learn language well. Is it true that children learn a foreign language more easily than adults? One report, on 2,000 Danish children studying Swedish, showed that the teenagers learned more, in less time, than the younger children. Another report, on Americans learning Russian, showed that the ability to learn a language increases as the age increases from childhood to adulthood. There are several possible explanations for these results. For one thing, adults know more about the world and therefore are able to understand meanings more easily than children. Moreover, adults can use logical thinking to help themselves in learning a new language. Finally adults have more self-control than children.

　　Therefore, it seems that the common belief that children are better learners than adults may not be true.

　　Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.

　　29. According to this talk, what’s the common belief about learning a new language?

　　30. Name the two reports mentioned in the talk.

　　31. What qualities do adults have that make learning a new language easier for them?

　　Passage Three

　　Today I would like to continue our discussion of American diplomatic history of the 18th century by talking about the pioneer named William Johnson. Sir William Johnson helped to establish friendly relations between the British colonists and the Iroquois nation during the middle of the 18th century. Johnson came to New York State from England in 1737 and soon became a large land-holder. He got along well with the Iroquois. Some of them lived on his land and it became a center of trade. Johnson sought land and furs, but was generous to his neighbors. With his skill of a diplomat Johnson often spent time negotiating among the various Indian groups. Largely because of his work the Iroquois aided the British in their struggles against the French in 1756. Later, however, there was a disagreement with the Iroquois. Johnson, who had been an official in the colonial government, was called in to negotiate a treaty regarding land boundary between the Iroquois and the English and French settlers in the area. Since Johnson died in 1774 he did not have to face the turmoil of the American Revolution.