36.The migration of African Americans from the rural South to the industrial North in
A
the early 1900's were the biggest internal migration in American history.
B C D
37.Searching for alternate forms of energy does not necessary mean the abandonment
A B C
of fossil fuels as an energy source.
D
38. The flamingo constructs a cylindrical mud nest for its egg, which both parents
A B C
care for it.
D
39. Due to persistent inbreeding, self-pollinating plants have genetically more uniform
A B
than cross-pollinated plants, which harbor more genetic variability.
C D
40. Metaphysical philosophy is concerned with the principles, structures, and
A B
meaningful that underlie all observable reality.
C D
Section Three: Reading Comprehension
Questions 1-9
The term "folk song" has been current for over a hundred years, but there is still a
good deal of disagreement as to what it actually means. The definition provided by the
International Folk Music Council states that folk music is the music of ordinary people,
Line which is passed on from person to person by being listened to rather than learned from
(5) the printed page. Other factors that help shape a folk song include: continuity (many
performances over a number of years); variation (changes in words and melodies either
through artistic interpretation or failure of memory); and selection (the acceptance of a
song by the community in which it evolves).
When songs have been subjected to these processes their origin is usually impossible
(10) to trace. For instance, if a farm laborer were to make up a song and sing it to a-couple of
friends who like it and memorize it, possibly when the friends come to sing it themselves
one of them might forget some of the words and make up new ones to fill the gap, while"
the other, perhaps more artistic, might add a few decorative touches to the tune and
improve a couple of lines of text. If this happened a few times there would be many
(15) different versions, the song's original composer would be forgotten, and the song would
become common property. This constant reshaping and re-creation is the essence of folk
music. Consequently, modem popular songs and other published music, even though
widely sung by people who are not professional musicians, are not considered folk music.
The music and words have been set by a printed or recorded source, limiting scope for
(20) further artistic creation. These songs' origins cannot be disguised and therefore they
belong primarily to the composer and not to a community.
The ideal situation for the creation of folk music is an isolated rural community. In
such a setting folk songs and dances have a special purpose at every stage in a person's
life, from childhood to death. Epic tales of heroic deeds, seasonal songs relating to
(25) calendar events, and occupational songs are also likely to be sung.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Themes commonly found in folk music
(B) Elements that define folk music
(C) Influences of folk music on popular music
(D) The standards of the International Folk Music Council
2. Which of the following statements about the term "folk song" is supported by the passage?
(A) It has been used for several centuries.
(B) The International Folk Music Council invented it.
(C) It is considered to be out-of-date.
(D) There is disagreement about its meaning.
3. The word "it" in line 8 refers to
(A) community
(B) song
(C) acceptance
(D) memory
4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a characteristic of the typical folk
song?
(A) It is constantly changing over time.
(B) it is passed on to other people by being performed.
(C) It contains complex musical structures.
(D) It appeals to many people.
5. The word "subjected" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) reduced
(B) modified
(C) exposed
(D) imitated
6. The author mentions the farm laborer and his friends (lines 10-14) in order to do which of the
following?
(A) Explain how a folk song evolves over time
(B) Illustrate the importance of music to rural workers
(C) Show how subject matter is selected for a folk song
(D) Demonstrate how a community, chooses a folk song
7. According to the passage, why would the original composers of folk songs be forgotten?
(A) Audiences prefer songs composed by professional musicians.
(B) Singers dislike the decorative touches in folk song tunes.
(C) Numerous variations of folk songs come to exist at the same time.
(D) Folk songs are not considered an important form of music.
8. The word "essence" in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) basic nature
(B) growing importance
(C) full extent
(D) first phase
9. The author mentions that published music is not considered to be folk music because
(A) the original composer can be easily identified
(B) the songs attract only the young people in a community
(C) the songs are generally performed by professional singers
(D) the composers write the music in rural communities
Questions 10-20
Long before they can actually speak, babies pay special attention to the speech they
hear around them. Within the first month of their lives, babies' responses to the sound of
the human voice will be different from their responses to other sorts of auditory stimuli.
Line They will stop crying when they hear a person talking, but not if they hear a bell or the
(5) sound of a rattle. At first, the sounds that an infant notices might be only those words that
receive the heaviest emphasis and that often occur at the ends of utterances. By the time
they are six or seven weeks old, babies can detect the difference between syllables
pronounced with rising and falling inflections. Very soon, these differences in adult stress
and intonation can influence babies' emotional states and behavior. Long before they
(10) develop actual language comprehension, babies can sense when an adult is playful or
angry, attempting to initiate or terminate new behavior, and so on, merely on the basis of
cues such as the rate, volume, and melody of adult speech.
Adults make it as easy as they can for babies to pick up a language by exaggerating
such cues. One researcher observed babies and their mothers in six diverse cultures and
(15) found that, in all six languages, the mothers used simplified syntax, short utterances and
nonsense sounds, and transformed certain sounds into baby talk. Other investigators have
noted that when mothers talk to babies who are only a few months old, they exaggerate
the pitch, loudness, and intensity of their words. They also exaggerate their facial
expressions, hold vowels longer, and emphasize certain words.
(20) More significant for language development than their response to general intonation is
observation that tiny babies can make relatively fine distinctions between speech sounds.
other words, babies enter the world with the ability to make precisely those perceptual
discriminations that are necessary if they are to acquire aural language.
Babies obviously derive pleasure from sound input, too: even as young as nine months
(25) they will listen to songs or stories, although the words themselves are beyond their
understanding. For babies, language is a sensory-motor delight rather than the route to
prosaic meaning that it often is for adults.
10.What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) How babies differentiate between the sound of the human voice and other sounds
(B) The differences between a baby's and an adult's ability to comprehend language
(C) How babies perceive and respond to the human voice in their earliest stages of language development
(D) The response of babies to sounds other than the human voice
11. Why does the author mention a bell and a rattle in lines 4-5 ?
(A) To contrast the reactions of babies to human and nonhuman sounds
(B) To give examples of sounds that will cause a baby to cry
(C) To explain how babies distinguish between different nonhuman sounds
(D) To give examples of typical toys that babies do not like
12. Why does the author mention syllables pronounced with rising and falling inflections in lines
7-8 ?
(A) To demonstrate how difficult it is for babies to interpret emotions
(B) To illustrate that a six-week-old baby can already distinguish some language differences
(C) To provide an example of ways adults speak to babies
(D) To give a reason for babies' difficulty in distinguishing one adult from another
13. The word "diverse" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) surrounding
(B) divided
(C) different
(D) stimulating
14…… The word"noted" in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) theorized
(B) requested
(C) disagreed
(D) observed
15. The word "They" in line 18 refers to
(A) mothers
(B) investigators
(C) babies
(D) words
16. The passage mentions all of the following as ways adults modify their speech when talking to
babies EXCEPT
(A) giving all words equal emphasis
(B) speaking with shorter sentences
(C) speaking more loudly than normal
(D) using meaningless sounds
17. The word "emphasize" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) stress
(B) repeat
(C) explain
(D) leave out
18. Which of the following can be inferred about the findings described in paragraph 2 ?
(A) Babies who are exposed to more than one language can speak earlier than babies exposed
to a single language.
(B) Mothers from different cultures speak to their babies in similar ways.
(C) Babies ignore facial expressions in comprehending aural language.
(D) The mothers observed by the researchers were consciously teaching their babies to speak.
19. What point does the author make to illustrate that babies are born with the ability to acquire
language?
(A) Babies begin to understand words in songs.
(B) Babies exaggerate their own sounds and expressions.
(C) Babies are more sensitive to sounds than are adults.
(D) Babies notice even minor differences between speech sounds.
20. According to the author, why do babies listen to songs and stories, even though they cannot
understand them?
(A) They understand the rhythm.
(B) They enjoy the sound.
(C) They can remember them easily.
(D) They focus on the meaning of their parents' words.
Questions 21-29
Under the Earth's topsoil, at various levels, sometimes under a layer of rock, there are
deposits of clay. Look at cuts where highways have been built to see exposed clay beds; or
look at a construction site, where pockets of clay may be exposed. Rivers also reveal clay
Line along their banks, and erosion on a hillside may make clay easily accessible.
(5) What is clay made of? The Earth's surface is basically rock, and it is this rock that
gradually decomposes into clay. Rain, streams, alternating freezing and thawing, roots of
trees and plants forcing their way into cracks, earthquakes, volcanic action, and glaciers——all
of these forces slowly break down the Earth's exposed rocky crust into smaller and smaller
pieces that eventually become clay.
(10) Rocks are composed of elements and compounds of elements. Feldspar, which is the
most abundant mineral on the Earth's surface, is basically made up of the oxides silica and
alumina combined with alkalies like potassium and some so-called impurities such as iron.
Feldspar is an essential component of granite rocks, and as such it is the basis of clay.
When it is wet, clay can be easily shaped to make a variety of useful objects, which can
(15) then be fired to varying degrees of hardness and covered with impermeable decorative
coatings of glasslike material called glaze. Just as volcanic action, with its intense heat,
fuses the elements in certain rocks into a glasslike rock called obsidian, so can we apply
heat to earthen materials and change them into a hard, dense material. Different clays need
different heat levels to fuse, and some, the low-fire clays, never become nonporous and
(20) watertight like highly fired stoneware. Each clay can stand only a certain amount of heat
without losing its shape throughsagging or melting. Variations of clay composition and the
temperatures at which they are fired account for the differences in texture and appearance
between a china teacup and an earthenware flowerpot.
21. The author's main point in paragraph 1 is that clay deposits
(A) conceal layers of rock
(B) can be found in various places
(C) are usually small
(D) must be removed from construction sites
22. It can be inferred from the passage that clay is LEAST likely to be plentiful in which of the
following areas?
(A) In desert sand dunes
(B) In forests
(C) On hillsides
(D) Near rivers
23. The word "accessible" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) buried
(B) improved
(C) available
(D) workable
24. According to the passage, rock breaks down into clay under all of the following conditions
EXCEPT when
(A) it is exposed to freezing and thawing
(B) roots of trees force their way into cracks
(C) it is combined with alkalies
(D) natural forces wear away the Earth's crust
25. Why does the author mention feldspar in line 10?
(A) It is often used as a substitute for clay.
(B) It is damaged by the oxides in clay.
(C) Its presence indicates inferior clay.
(D) It is a major component of clay.
26. The word "it" in line 13 refers to
(A) iron
(B) feldspar
(C) granite
(D) clay
27. Based on the information in the passage, it can be inferred that low-fire clays are MOST
appropriate for making objects that
(A) must be strong
(B) can be porous
(C) have a smooth texture
(D) are highly decorated
28. The phrase "account for" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) reduce
(B) explain
(C) combine with
(D) list all of
29. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?
(A) Clay deposits are only found deep in the Earth.
(B) If clay contains too much iron it will melt when fired.
(C) Only certain types of clay are appropriate for making china teacups.
(D) If sufficient heat is applied, all clay will become nonporous.
