(A) pride in African art

　　(B) cultural pluralism

　　(C) collaboration with other artists

　　(D) withdrawal from American culture

　　27. In mentioning "the pulse and beat" (line24) of Harlem during the 1920's, the author is characterizing the district as one that

　　(A) depended greatly on its interaction with other parts of the city

　　(B) grew economically in a short period of time

　　(C) was an exciting place to be

　　(D) was in danger of losing population

　　28.The word "convergence" in line 25 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) gathering

　　(B) promotion

　　(C) expression

　　(D) influence

　　29. According to the passage, all of the following were true of Harlem in the 1920's EXCEPT:

　　(A) Some Caribbean artists and intellectuals lived there.

　　(B) It attracted people from various regions of United States.

　　(C) It was one of the most expensive neighborhoods in New York City.

　　(D) It was a unique cultural center.

　　30.The phrase "carried on" in line 29 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) continued

　　(B) praised

　　(C) transformed

　　(D) connected

　　Questions 31-40

　　Ethology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its Evolutionary history. Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the 1960's but has become even more influential today. The origins of ethology can be traced to the work of Darwin. Its modern foundations were laid by two European zoologists,

　　5)  Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen.

　　Watching the behaviors diverse animal species in their natural habitats, Lorenz, and Tinbergen observed behavior patterns that promote survival. The most well-known of these is imprinting, the carly following behavior of certain baby birds that ensures that the young will stay close to their mother and be fed and protected from danger. Imprinting takes place

　　10)  during an early, restricted time period of development. If the mother goose is not present during this time, but an object resembling her in important features is, young goslings may imprint on it instead.

　　Observations of imprinting led to major concept that has been applied in child Development" the critical period. It refers to a limited times span during which the child is

　　15)  biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of suitably stimulating environment. Many researchers have conducted studies to find out whether complex congnitive and social behaviors must be learned during restricted time periods. for example, if children are deprived of adequate food or physical and social stimulation during the early years of life, will their intelligence be permanently impaired? If language

　　20)  is not mastered during the preschool years, is the child's capacity to acquire it reduced?

　　Inspired by observations of imprinting, in 1969 the British psychoanalyst John Bowlby applied ethological theory to the understanding of the relationship between an infant and its parents. He argued that attachment behaviors of babies, such as smiling, babbling, grasping, and crying, are built-in social signals that encourage the parents to approach,

　　25)  care for, and interact with the baby. By keeping a parent near, these behaviors help ensure that the baby will be fed, protected from danger, and provided with the stimulation and affection necessary for healthy growth. The development of attachment in human infants is a lengthy process involving changes in psychological structures that lead to a deep affectional tie between parent and baby.

　　31.What was Darwin's contribution to ethology?

　　(A) Darwin improved on the original principles of ethology.

　　(B) Darwin was the professor who taught Lorenz and Tinbergen.

　　(C) Darwin's work provided the basis for ethology.

　　(D) Darwin was the first person to apply ethological theory to children.

　　32.The word "diverse" in line 6 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) small

　　(B) varied

　　(C) wild

　　(D) particular

　　33.The word "ensures" in line 8 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) guarantees

　　(B) proves

　　(C) teaches

　　(D) assumes

　　34. According to the passage, if a mother goose is not present during the time period when imprinting takes place, which of the following will most likely occur?

　　(A) The gosling will not imprint on any object.

　　(B) The gosling may not find a mate when it matures.

　　(C) The mother will later imprint on the gosling.

　　(D) The gosling may imprint on another object.

　　35.The word "it" in line 12 refers to

　　(A) development

　　(B) goose

　　(C) time

　　(D) object

　　36.The word "suitably" in line 15 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) willingly

　　(B) moderately

　　(C) appropriately

　　(D) emotionally

　　37.The author mentions all of the following as attachment behaviors of human infants EXCEPT

　　(A) grasping

　　(B) crying

　　(C) eating

　　(D) smiling

　　38.According to the passage, attachment behaviors of infants are intended to

　　(A) get the physical, emotional and social needs of the infant met

　　(B) allow the infant to become imprinted on objects that resemble the parent

　　(C) provide the infant with a means of self-stimulation

　　(D) prepare the infant to cope with separation

　　39.The phrase "affectional tie" in line 29 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) cognitive development

　　(B) emotional attachment

　　(C) psychological need

　　(D) behavioral change

　　40. It can be inferred from the passage that ethological theory assumes that

　　(A) to learn about human behavior only human subjects should be studied

　　(B) failure to imprint has no influence on inteligence

　　(C) the notion of critical periods applies only to animals

　　(D) there are similarities between animal and human behavior

　　Questions 41-50

　　There are only a few clues in the rock record about climate in the Proterozoic con. Much of our information about climate in the more recent periods of geologic history comes from the fossil record, because we have a reasonably good understanding of the types of environment in which many fossil organisms flourished. The scarce fossils

　　5)  of the Proterozoic, mostly single-celled bacteria, provide little evidence in this regard. However, the rocks themselves do include the earliest evidence for glaciation, probably a global ice age.

　　The inference that some types of sedimentary rocks are the result of glacial activity is based on the principle of uniformitarianism, which posits that natural processes now

　　10) at work on and within the Earth operated in the same manner in the distant past. The deposits associated with present-day glaciers have been well studied, and some of their characteristics are quite distinctive. In 2.3-billion-year-old rocks in Canada near Lake Huron (dating from the early part of the Proterozoic age), there are thin laminae of fine-grained sediments that resemble varves, the annual layers of sediment deposited in

　　15)  glacial lakes. Typically, present-day varves show two-layered annual cycle, one layer corresponding to the rapid ice melting and sediment transport of the summer season, and the other, finer-grained, layer corresponding to slower winter deposition. Although it is not easy to discern such details in the Proterozoic examples, they are almost certainly glacial varves. These fine-grained, layered sediments even contain occasional large

　　20)  pebbles or "dropstones," a characteristic feature of glacial environments where coarse material is sometimes carried on floating ice and dropped far from its source, into otherwise very fine grained sediment. Glacial sediments of about the same age as those in Canada have been found in other parts of North America and in Africa, India, and Europe. This indicates that the glaciation was global, and that for a period of time in

　　25)  the early Proterozoic the Earth was gripped in an ice age.

　　Following the early Proterozoic glaciation, however, the climate appears to have Been fairly benign for a very long time. There is no evidence for glaciation for the Next 1.5 billion years or so. Then, suddenly, the rock record indicates a series of Glacial episodes between about 850 and 600 million year ago, near the end of the Proterozoic con.

　　41.Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?

　　(A) How patterns in rock layers have been used to construct theories about the climate of the Proterozoic age

　　(B) What some rare fossils indicate about glacial conditions during the late Proterozoic age

　　(C) The varying characteristics of Proterozoic glacial varves in different parts of the world

　　(D) The number of glacial episodes that the Earth has experienced since the Proterozoic age

　　42. According to the passage, the fossil record of the Proterozoic con is

　　(A) highly regarded because it preserves the remains of many kinds of organisms

　　(B) less informative than the fossil record of more recent periods

　　(C) very difficult to interpret due to damage from bacteria

　　(D) more useful to researchers than other aspects of the rock record

　　43.The word "scarce" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) ancient

　　(B) tiny

　　(C) available

　　(D) rare

　　44. It can be inferred from the passage that the principle of uniformitarianism indicates that

　　(A) similar conditions produce similar rock formations

　　(B) rock layers in a given region remain undisturbed over time

　　(C) different kinds of sedimentary rocks may

　　(D) each continent has its own distinctive pattern of sediment layers

　　45. The word "resemble" in line 14 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) result from

　　(B) penetrate

　　(C) look like

　　(D) replace have similar origins

　　46. According to the passage, the layers in varves are primarily formed by

　　(A) fossilized bacteria

　　(B) pieces of ancient dropstones

　　(C) a combination of ancient and recent sediments

　　(D) annual cycles of sediment transport and deposition

　　47. The phrase "the other" in line 17 refers to another

　　(A) annual cycle

　　(B) glacial lake

　　(C) layer of sediment

　　(D) season

　　48. According to the passage, the presence of dropstones indicates that

　　(A) the glacial environment has been unusually server

　　(B) the fine-grained sediment has built up very slowly

　　(C) there has been a global ice age

　　(D) coarse rock material has been carried great distances

　　49. Why does the author mention Canada, North America, Africa, India, and Europe in lines 23-24?

　　(A) To demonstrate the global spread of dropstones

　　(B) To explain the principles of varve formation

　　(C) To provide evidence for the theory that there was a global ice age in the early Proterozoic eon

　　(D) To illustrate the varied climatic changes of the Proterozoic con in different parts of the globe

　　50. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?

　　(A) fossil record (line 3)

　　(B) laminae (line 13)

　　(C) varves (line14)

　　(D) glacial episodes (line 29)