[A] to control violence within a society [B] to protect the world from chaos
[C] to free society from the idea of revenge [D] to give the government absolute power
33. What does the author mean by saying “... in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge
becomes depersonalized and diffused” (Lines 4-5, Para. 2)?
[A] Legal systems greatly reduce the possibilities of physical violence.
[B] Offenses against individuals are no longer judged on a personal basis.
[C] Victims of violence find it more difficult to take revenge.
[D] Punishment is not carried out directly by the individuals involved.
34. The world “allegiance” (Line 4, Para. 3) is closest in meaning to .
[A] loyalty [B] objective [C] survival [D] motive
35. What can we learn from the last paragraph?
[A] Governments tend to abuse their supreme power in times of war.
[B] In times of war governments may extend their power across national borders.
[C] In times of war governments impose high religious and ethical standards on their people.
[D] Governments may sacrifice individuals in the interests of the state in times of war.
Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take
extra precautions to shed any biases they bring with them from their own culture. For example, they
must make sure they construct measures that are meaningful for each of the cultural or ethnic
minority groups being studied.
In conducting research on culture and ethnic minority issues, investigators distinguish between
the emic approach and the etic approach. In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in
one culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and wit to the people in that culture or
ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to
describe behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultures. If researchers construct a
questionnaire in an emic fashion, their concern is only that the questions are meaningful to the
particular culture or ethnic group being studied. If, however, the researchers construct a
questionnaire in an etic fashion, they want to include questions that reflect concepts familiar to all
cultures involved.
How might the emic and etic approaches be reflected in the study of family processes? In the
emic approach, the researchers might choose to focus only on middle-class White families, without
regard for whether the information obtained in the study can be generalized or is appropriate for ethic
minority groups. In a subsequent study the researchers may decide to adopt an etic approach by
studying not only middle-class White families, but also lower-income White families, Black American
families, Spanish American families, and Asian American families. In studying in ethic minority families,
the researchers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in |
